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Although often stratabound, geological evidence supports an epigenetic origin for these deposits. Besides, the complex oxyanions of arsenic get bound by colloidal particles of Fe-hydroxides and oxyhydroxides (e.g., goethite), thus becoming incorporated to the fine sediment fraction in the stream sediments.Ĭhilean manto-type (CMT) Cu(–Ag) hydrothermal deposits share a characteristic association of volcano-sedimentary Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous host rocks, style of mineralization, ore and associated mineralogy and geochemistry, with ore grades typically > 1%Cu, that make this family of deposits significant and interesting, both academically and economically. From an environmental perspective, the low solubility of Cu, Zn, and Pb due to climatic, chemical, and mineralogical factors reduces the pollution risks related to their high to extremely high contents in source materials (e.g., rocks, altered zones, tailings).
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The geochemical behavior of the elements in the different compartments (rocks, soils, sediments and tailings) is highly consistent with the mobility expected from their ionic potentials, their sulfates and carbonates solubility products, and their affinities for Fe and Mn hydroxides. The results highlight the similarity between the chemical composition of the andesites and that of the average Continental Crust, except for the higher V and Mn contents of the former, and their depletion in Mg, Ni, and Cr. Also, the element behavior during rock weathering and fluvial transport is here interpreted in terms of the ionic potentials and solubility products. The chemical elements have been grouped according to the Goldschmidt classification, and their concentrations in each compartment are confronted with their expected contents for different rock types based on geochemical affinities and the geologic and metallogenic setting. The study encompasses igneous rocks, soils, river and stream sediments, and tailings deposits. This study follows the paths of 32 chemical elements in the arid to semi-arid realm of the western Andes, between 27° and 33° S, a region hosting important ore deposits and mining operations. La historia del Cretácico superior constituye una transición al desarrollo geológico del Cenozoico durante el cual se desarrolla un volcanismo calcoalcalino relacionado con “graben”-calderas.
MESOZOICA JURASICO PRO
La evolución tectónica durante el Jurásico-Cretácio inferior se caracteriza pro cambios episódicos en el régimen de subducción, que se expresan, entre otras evidencias, por la recurrencia de un volcanismo shoshonítico el cual coincide con períodos de extensión intracontinental. Las variaciones geoquímicas longitudinales de las lavas mesozoicas sugieren que Chile central estaba compuesto de segmentos, cuyos límites eran diferentes de los actuales. Las lavas del Jurásico-Paleoceno no muestran un tendencia a teneer un mayor grado de evolución geoquímica hacia el este (alejándose de la paleofosa oceánica), nu con el tiempo, y sus variaciones son en parte más bien opuestas a las “normales.” Hay, además indicaciones que durante el Mesozoico la corteza tenía un mayor espesor hacia el sur, o sea lo contrario de la situación actual. El estudio de 300 lavas básicas a intermedias de edad mesozoica y terciaria de cinco perfiles transversales efectuados en los Andes de Chile central (255☃0′–35°) muestran que las tendencias geoquímicas “normales” que-extrapolando de la situación actual-se le atriuyen a este margen activo, en un sentido transversal y con el tiempo, son una supersimplificación.